Revealed-more-than-1000-unmarked-graves-discovered-along-eu-migration-routes
Bodies also piling up in morgues across continent as countries accused of failing to meet human rights obligations
An obscure island grave: fate of deadly EU migration route’s youngest victim
各國被指控未能履行人權義務，同時大陸各地的太平間也堆積著屍體.一個隱蔽的島嶼墓地：致命歐盟移民路線最年輕受害者的命運。
obscure 遮掩 V /adj
Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
經理們故意對聯邦調查人員掩蓋真實情況。
not known to many people
無名的
Refugees and migrants are being buried in unmarked graves across the European Union at a scale that is unprecedented outside of war.
難民和移民正在歐盟各地被埋葬於無記號的墳墓中，其規模在非戰爭時期前所未有
The Guardian can reveal that at least 1,015 men, women and children who died at the borders of Europe in the past decade were buried before they were identified.
They lie in stark, often blank graves along the borders – rough white stones overgrown with weeds in Sidiro cemetery in Greece; crude wooden crosses on Lampedusa in Italy; in northern France faceless slabs marked simply “Monsieur X”; in Poland and Croatia plaques reading “NN” for name unknown.
On the Spanish island of Gran Canaria, one grave states: “Migrant boat number 4. 25/09/2022.”
The European parliament passed a resolution in 2021 that called for people who die on migration routes to be identified and recognised the need for a coordinated database to collect details of the bodies.
weed (n)雜草 虛弱的人 (V)除草
I’ve been weeding (the vegetable garden).
Croatia 克羅埃西亞
passed a resolution涉及到正式的決策過程 批准一項決議或提案的行為
slabs （石、木、金屬、食物等的）板，片
He ate a whole slab of chocolate.他吃了一整塊巧克力。
《衛報》披露，在過去十年間，至少有1,015名男性、女性和兒童在歐洲邊境死亡，並在未被識別的情況下被埋葬。
他們躺在邊境沿線的冷清、經常是空白的墓地中——希臘希迪羅墓地長滿雜草的粗糙白石；意大利蘭佩杜薩島的簡陋木十字架；在法國北部，面無表情的墓碑僅簡單標記著“Monsieur X”；在波蘭和克羅地亞，墓碑上寫著“NN”，意為姓名未知。
在西班牙的大加那利島上，有一個墓碑上寫著：“移民船隻編號4。2022年9月25日。”
歐洲議會於2021年通過了一項決議，呼籲對在遷徙途中死亡的人進行識別，並認識到建立一個協調數據庫來收集這些遺體的詳細信息的必要性。
But across European countries the issue remains a legislative void, with no centralised data, nor any uniform process for dealing with the bodies.
Working with forensic scientists from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and other researchers, NGOs and pathologists, the Guardian and a consortium of reporters pieced together for the first time the number of migrants and refugees who died in the past decade along the EU’s borders whose names remain unknown. At least 2,162 bodies have still not been identified.
ICRC:紅十字會
pathologist:病理學家 forensic:法醫學
《衛報》與國際紅十字會（ICRC）的法醫科學家以及其他研究人員、非政府組織和病理學家合作，首次拼湊出在過去十年間死於歐盟邊境的移民和難民中，仍然身份不明的人數。至少有2,162具遺體至今尚未被識別。
Some of these bodies are piling up in morgues, funeral parlours and even shipping containers across the continent. Visiting 24 cemeteries and working with researchers, the team found more than 1,000 nameless graves.
These, however, are the tip of the iceberg. More than 29,000 people died on European migration routes in this period, the majority of whom remain missing.
這些遺體有些堆積在整個大陸的停屍間、殯儀館，甚至是集裝箱中。團隊訪問了24個墓地並與研究人員合作，發現了1000多個無名墓。
然而，這些只是冰山一角。在這段時間內，有超過29,000人在歐洲的移民路線上喪生，其中大多數人仍然下落不明。
tip of the iceberg 冰山一角
TIP （使）傾斜；（使）傾覆 倒;傾倒 小費
She tipped the contents of her purse out onto the table.她把錢包裡的東西倒在桌子上。
（用液體、顏色等）覆蓋…的尖端
The giraffe was killed with a spear that had been tipped with poison.長頸鹿是被尖上塗有毒藥的長矛殺死。
parlour
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殯儀館（Funeral Parlour）：指提供葬禮服務的場所，用於安置遺體、進行喪禮籌備和追悼會等。
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美容院或美髮廳（Beauty or Hair Salon）：提供美容、美髮、美甲等服務的地方。
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客廳或接待室（Living Room or Reception Room）：在住宅中，客廳或接待室可以被稱為“parlour”，特別是在老式的或正式的家庭中，用作接待訪客的房間。
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冰淇淋店（Ice Cream Parlour）：一種專門出售冰淇淋和其他甜品的商店。
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茶室或咖啡館（Tea Room or Coffee Shop）：提供茶、咖啡和輕食的小店或餐廳。
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紋身店（Tattoo Parlour）：專門進行紋身服務的地方
The problem is “utterly neglected”, according to Europe’s commissioner for human rights, Dunja Mijatović, who has said EU countries are failing in their obligations under international human rights law.
“The tools are there. We have the agencies and the forensic experts, but they need to be engaged [by governments],” she said.
The rise of the hard right and a lack of political will were likely to further impede the development of a proper system to address “the tragedy of missing migrants”, she added. Instead, pockets of work happen at a local level.
Pathologists, for example, collect DNA samples and the few personal items found on the bodies. The clues to lives lost are meagre: loose change in foreign currency, prayer beads, a Manchester United souvenir badge.
utterly (極度的 completely or extremely
engaged
involved in something
She’s part of a team of scientists who are engaged on/upon cancer research.
已訂婚的She was engaged to some guy in the army.
占用
Every time I call her, she/the phone/the number is engaged.每次我給她打電話，她的電話都佔線。
The lack of coordination leaves bewildered families struggling to navigate localised, often foreign bureaucracy in the search for lost relatives.
Supporting them falls to aid organisations such as the ICRC, which has recorded 16,500 requests since 2013 for information to its programme for restoring family links from people looking for relatives who went missing en route to Europe.
The largest number of requests have come from Afghans, Iraqis, Somalians, Guineans and people from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea and Syria. Only 285 successful matches have been achieved.
And now even some of this support is about to disappear. As governments cut their aid budgets, the ICRC has been forced to refocus its reduced resources. National Red Cross agencies will continue the family links programme but much of the ICRC’s work training police and local authorities is being cut.
bewildered 困惑的，遲疑的
Arriving in a strange city at night, I felt alone and bewildered.深夜來到陌生的城市，我感到孤獨和迷茫。
Localised 局部(當地的 但不是指特定的)
協調的缺乏讓困惑的家庭在尋找失踪親人時，努力應對地方化的、往往是外國的官僚體系。
支持他們的工作落在了像國際紅十字會（ICRC）這樣的援助組織身上，自2013年以來，該組織已經收到了16,500份請求，這些請求來自尋找在前往歐洲途中失踪親人的人，他們希望通過該組織的恢復家庭聯繫計劃獲得信息。
大多數請求來自阿富汗、伊拉克、索馬里、幾內亞以及剛果民主共和國、厄立特里亞和敘利亞的人民。僅實現了285次成功的匹配。
而現在，即使是這些支持也即將消失。隨著政府削減援助預算，國際紅十字會被迫重新聚焦其減少的資源。各國紅十字會將繼續進行家庭聯繫計劃，但國際紅十字會培訓警察和地方當局的許多工作正在被削減。
A race against time
The mini set of scissors and comb worn on a chain were unique to 24-year-old Oussama Tayeb, a small talisman that reflected his job as a barber.
For his cousin Abdallah, they were the hope that he had been found.
Tayeb set sail last year from the north-west of Algeria just before 8pm on Christmas Day.
Onboard with him were 22 neighbours who had clubbed together to pay for the boat they had hoped would take them to Spain.
comb 梳子
“Barber” 這個詞源於中古英語的 “barbour”，來自古法語的 “barbeur”，最終源於拉丁語的 “barba”，意思是 “鬍鬚”。這個詞的歷史可以追溯到中世紀，當時的理髮師不僅負責剪髮和修鬍，還包括進行牙科和外科手術等醫療服務。在那個時代，理髮師和外科醫生的職能常常重疊，他們被稱為 “barber-surgeons”（理髮外科醫生）。
隨著時間的推移，理髮師的角色逐漸專注於剪髮和修面部毛髮，而醫療職能則轉移給專業的醫生和外科醫生。現代的 “barber” 通常指的是專業從事剪髮、修鬍和其他與男性美髮相關服務的人。
set sail 當一個人開始一段新的人生階段或踏上一個新的挑戰時，也可以說他們”set sail”
與時間的賽跑 那套迷你剪刀和梳子，掛在鏈子上，是24歲的烏薩馬·泰耶布（Oussama Tayeb）的獨特標誌，這個小護身符反映了他作為理髮師的職業。對他的堂兄阿卜杜拉來說，它們是泰耶布可能已被找到的希望。
去年聖誕節當天晚上8點前，泰耶布從阿爾及利亞西北部出發。與他一同出海的還有22名鄰居，他們湊錢購買了這艘船，希望它能帶他們前往西班牙。
His family has been searching for him since.
Abdallah, who lives in France, fears it is a race against time. Spanish police introduced a database in 2007 in which data and genetic samples from unidentified remains are meant to be logged.
In practice, the system breaks down when it comes to families searching for missing relatives, who have no clear information about how to access it.
The family had provided a DNA sample soon after Tayeb’s disappearance.
With no news by February, they travelled to southern Spain for a second time to search for him.
At the morgue in Almería, a forensic doctor reacted to Tayeb’s photo, saying he looked familiar. She recalled a necklace, but said the man she was thinking of was believed to have died in a jet ski accident.
meant to be
預定或計劃的：這個短語可以用來表達某事是被預定或計劃好的。例如，”This book is meant to be read by beginners” 意味著這本書是特別為初學者設計的。
命中注定：在更隨性或哲學的語境中，”meant to be” 常被用來表達某些事情似乎是命中注定或自然而然應該發生的。例如，”They believe they were meant to be together” 意味著他們相信他們的關係是命中注定的
自從那以後，他的家人一直在尋找他。 居住在法國的Abdallah擔心這是一場與時間的賽跑。西班牙警方在2007年引入了一個數據庫，用於記錄未識別遺體的數據和基因樣本。 然而，在實際操作中，當家庭尋找失踪親人時，系統就崩潰了，因為他們無法清楚地獲取如何使用這個系統的信息。
Tayeb失踪後不久，家人就提供了DNA樣本。到了二月份仍然沒有消息，他們第二次前往西班牙南部尋找他。 在阿爾梅里亞的太平間，一位法醫醫生看到Tayeb的照片後表示他看起來很熟悉。她記得有一條項鍊，但說她所想的那個人據信是在一次噴射滑水摩托事故中死亡的。
It wa a really intense moment because we knew that Oussama was wearing a jet ski lifejacket,” Abdallah said. Even with the knowledge that Tayeb’s body may have been found, his cousin was unable to see the corpse lying in the morgue without a police officer.
Abdallah remembered the shocking callousness with which he was greeted at one of the many police stations he tried. “One policeman told us that if ‘they don’t want to disappear, they shouldn’t have taken a boat to Spain’.”
Looming over Abdallah’s continuing search is a practical pressure mentioned by the Spanish pathologist: bodies in the morgue are usually kept for a year and then buried, whether identified or not. “We only want an answer. If we see the chain, this would be like a death certificate. It’s so heartbreaking. It’s like we’re leaving Oussama in the fridge and we can’t do anything about it,” he said.
corpse 屍體 morgue 太平間
“Looming over” 這個短語可以翻譯為“籠罩著”或“迫在眉睫”。它通常用來形容某個問題、困難或威脅正逐漸顯現，給人們或情況帶來壓力或焦慮。
“那是一個非常緊張的時刻，因為我們知道烏薩馬穿著水上摩托救生衣，”阿卜杜拉說。
即使知道泰耶布的遺體可能已經被發現，他的堂兄在沒有警察在場的情況下無法查看停屍間裡的屍體。阿卜杜拉記得他在許多警察局尋求幫助時遇到的冷酷態度讓他震驚。“一位警察告訴我們，如果‘他們不想失蹤，就不應該坐船去西班牙’。”
西班牙病理學家提到的一個實際壓力一直籠罩著阿卜杜拉的持續尋找：停屍間通常會保留屍體一年，然後不論是否識別出身份都會進行埋葬。“我們只想要一個答案。如果我們看到那條鏈子，這將像是一張死亡證明。這太令人心碎了。就像我們把烏薩馬留在冰箱裡，卻無能為力，”他說。
‘Here lies a brother who lost his life’
The local authorities that receive the most bodies are often on small islands and are increasingly saying they cannot cope.
They warn that an already inadequate system is going backwards. Spain’s Canary Islands have reported a record 35,410 men, women and children reaching the archipelago by boat this year. In recent months, most of these vessels have sought to land on the tiny, remote island of El Hierro.
In the past six weeks alone, seven unidentified people were buried on the island. The burial vaults of 15 unidentified people who were found dead on a rickety wooden vessel in 2020, in the town of Agüimes on Gran Canaria, bear identical plaques that read simply: “Here lies a brother who lost his life trying to reach our shores.”
In the Muslim section of Lanzarote’s Teguise cemetery, the graves of children are marked with circles of stones. They include the grave of a baby believed to have been stillborn on a deadly crossing from Morocco in 2020.
archipelago 群島
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Vessels（船舶）：這個詞是一個更廣泛的術語，可以用來指代任何類型的水上交通工具，包括商用船隻、軍艦、遊艇、大型油輪、貨輪等。”Vessel” 這個詞在正式語境中經常被使用，尤其是在法律、海事和專業領域中。它包含了從小船到巨型船舶的所有類型。
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Boats（船、小船）：這個詞通常指較小的水上交通工具，主要用於近岸或內陸水域，如湖泊、河流或近海。船的大小和類型可以很多樣，從小型手划船、帆船到稍大的摩托艇和遊艇。相比之下，“boat”通常不用來指代大型的商業船隻或海軍艦艇。
Burial vaults” 不是指棺木(Coffin)，而是指用于安置棺木的结构，通常是地下的或部分地下的封閉空间。这些结构在墓地中用来保護棺木和遗体，防止土壤崩塌或水分侵入。在某些情况下，它们也可以提供一种安全措施，以保护棺木不被挖掘或破坏。
简单来说，棺木是直接用来装载遗体的容器，而墓穴（burial vaults）则是用来放置和保護这些棺木的结購。
rickety 快要散架的；搖搖晃晃的；不結實的 That chair’s a bit rickety.
stillborn （想法或事件）夭折的，胎死腹中的
If an idea or event is stillborn, it is unsuccessful or does not happen.
“這裡葬有一位在尋找生命中失去生命的兄弟” 那些接收最多遺體的地方當局通常位於小島上，並且越來越多地表示他們無法應對。
他們警告說，一個本就不充分的系統正在倒退。西班牙的加那利群島今年報告有創紀錄的35,410名男女和兒童乘船抵達該群島。近幾個月來，大多數這些船隻試圖登陸小而偏遠的埃爾希羅島。僅在過去六週內，該島就埋葬了七名未被識別的人。
2020年，在格蘭加納利亞島的阿吉梅斯鎮，15名在一艘破舊木船上發現的未被識別的死者的墓地，上面鑲有相同的牌匾，上面簡單地寫著：“這裡葬有一位在尋找生命中失去生命的兄弟。”
在蘭薩羅特島特古伊塞公墓的穆斯林區，兒童的墓地以石頭圈標記。其中包括一個據信在2020年從摩洛哥進行致命渡海時仍然未出生的嬰兒的墓地。
Alhassane Bangoura’s body was separated from his mother during the rescue and was buried in an unmarked grave.
His name is only recorded informally, engraved on a bowl by locals moved by his plight.
It is the same story in the other countries at the edge of the EU; unmarked graves dotted along their frontiers standing testament to the crisis.
Along the land borders, in Croatia, Poland, Lithuania, the numbers of unmarked graves are fewer but still they are there, blank stones or sometimes an NN marked on plaques. In France, the anonymous inscription “X” stands out in cemeteries in Calais.
The numbers seem low compared with those found along the southern coastal borders: 35 out of 242 migrants and refugees who died on the Franco-British border since 2014 remain unidentified.
The high proportion of the dead identified reflects the fact that people spend time waiting before attempting the Channel crossing so there are often contacts still in France able to name those who die.
testament 遺囑，遺言 proof 證明；驗證
阿拉桑·邦古拉（Alhassane Bangoura）的遺體在救援過程中與他的母親失散，並被埋葬在一個無標記的墓地中。他的名字只是非正式地記錄下來，刻在當地人被他的困境所感動後刻在一個碗上。
在歐盟邊緣的其他國家也是同樣的情況；沿著他們的邊界點綴著未標記的墳墓，作為這場危機的見證。 沿著陸地邊界，在克羅地亞、波蘭、立陶宛，未標記墳墓的數量雖然較少，但它們仍然存在，有的是空白的石頭，有時在牌匾上標記著「NN」。在法國，加萊墓地中「X」這個匿名銘文格外顯眼。 與沿著南部沿海邊界發現的數字相比，
這些數字似乎很低：自2014年以來，在法英邊境死亡的242名移民和難民中，有35人仍未被識別。
死者被識別的比例高反映了一個事實，即人們在嘗試橫渡英吉利海峽之前會在法國等待一段時間，因此通常還有聯繫人能夠確認那些死者的身份
Fragments of hope
Leaked footage of Polish border guards laughing at a young man hanging upside down, trapped by his foot, stuck in the razor wire on the top of the 180km (110-mile) steel border fence separating Belarus from Poland caused a brief social media storm.
trap
希望的碎片
波蘭邊境守衛嘲笑一名年輕男子的洩漏影片在社交媒體上引起了短暫的風波。該男子倒吊著，一隻腳被困在將白俄羅斯與波蘭分隔開的180公里（110英里）長的鋼製邊境圍欄頂部的刀片鐵絲網中。
Leaked footage” 未經官方許可或未經計劃地被公開的影像資料原本是私密或受限的，但後來以某種方式被泄露給公眾或媒體。这类泄露的内容可能涉及敏感、隐私或具争议性的事情。
leak 洩漏 footage 拍攝的原始影像材料 razor wire尖利鐵絲網，刺鋼絲
But the moment he is caught in the searchlights, his frightened face briefly frozen, has haunted 50-year-old Kafya Rachid for the past year.
She is sure the man is her missing child, Mohammed Sabah, who was 22 when she last saw him alive. Sabah had flown from his home in Iraqi Kurdistan in the autumn of 2021 to Belarus, for which he had a visa.
He was successfully taken across the EU border by smugglers but was detained about 50km (30 miles) into Poland and deported back to Belarus.
Waiting to cross again, his messages suddenly stopped. The family had been coming to terms with the fact he was probably dead. Then the video surfaced. With little else to go on, fragments such as this give families hope.
Sabah’s parents, as so often happens, were unable to get visas to travel to the EU. Instead, Rekaut Rachid, an uncle of Sabah who has lived in London since 1999, has made three trips to Poland to try to find him.
Rachid believes the Polish authorities lied to him when they told him the man in the video was Egyptian, and this keeps him searching. “They are hiding something. Five per cent of me thinks maybe he died. But 95% of me thinks he is in prison somewhere in Poland,” he said, adding: “My sister calls every day to ask if I think he is still alive. I don’t know how to answer.”
但他被探照燈捕捉到的那一刻，他驚恐的臉孔短暫地凝固，這一幕在過去的一年里一直困擾著50歲的卡菲亞·拉希德。她確信那個人是她失踪的孩子，穆罕默德·薩巴，她最後一次見到他時他22歲。
薩巴於2021年秋天從伊拉克庫爾德斯坦的家中飛往白俄羅斯，他持有該國簽證。他被走私者成功帶過了歐盟邊境，但在波蘭境內大約50公里（30英里）處被拘留，隨後被遣返回白俄羅斯。
等待再次過境時，他的消息突然停止了。家人已經在接受他可能已經死亡的事實。然後視頻出現了。除此之外幾乎沒有其他線索，這樣的碎片讓家人抱有希望。
“””With little else to go on””””意味著在面對某個情況時，可用的信息、證據或選擇非常有限
在解決一個複雜的案件時，偵探只找到了一個指紋。因此，他們必須依靠這個唯一的線索，因為他們別無選擇，只能說：“With little else to go on, we focused on the fingerprint.”
薩巴的父母，像往常一樣，無法獲得簽證前往歐盟。因此，自1999年以來居住在倫敦的薩巴的叔叔雷考特·拉希德，前往波蘭尋找他已經進行了三次旅行。
拉希德相信波蘭當局在告訴他視頻中的男子是埃及人時對他撒了謊，這使他繼續尋找。他說：“他們在隱瞞些什麼。我心裡有5%的可能性認為他可能已經死了。但有95%的我認為他在波蘭的某個地方被監禁。”他補充說：“我姐姐每天都打電話來問我是否認為他還活著。我不知道該怎麼回答。”
Shipping container morgues
In a corner of the hospital car park in the Greek city of Alexandroupolis, two battered refrigerated shipping containers stand next to some rubbish bins.
Inside are the bodies of 40 people. The border from Turkey into Greece over the Evros River nearby is only a 10- to 20-minute crossing, but people cross at night when their small rubber boats can easily hit a tree and capsize.
Corpses decompose quickly in the riverbed mud, so that facial characteristics, clothing and any documents that might help identify them are rapidly destroyed.
Twenty of the corpses in the containers are the charred remains of migrants who died in wildfires that consumed this part of Greece during the summer’s heatwave. Identification has proved exceptionally difficult, with only four of the dead named to date.
Prof Pavlos Pavlidis, the forensic pathologist for the area, works to determine the cause of death, to collect DNA samples and to catalogue any personal effects that might help relatives identify their loved ones at a later date.
英语中，”batter” 这个词作为动词时，意思是“打击”或“连续猛击”。而当它用作形容词时，通常以其过去分词形式 “battered” 出现，意思是“破旧的”、“磨损的”或“经过长时间使用而损坏的”。
这种用法是因为长时间的打击或猛击会导致物体表面损坏或变旧，所以 “battered” 在描述物体时就被用来形容那些表面看起来磨损或老化的物品。例如，”battered furniture”（破旧的家具）或 “battered car”（磨损的汽车）。
在希臘城市亞歷山卓波利斯的一家醫院停車場的一角，兩個破舊的冷藏集裝箱緊挨著一些垃圾桶。裡面放著40人的遺體。
從土耳其進入希臘的埃夫羅斯河邊境僅需10至20分鐘的渡河時間，但人們通常在夜間越過，當時他們的小型橡皮艇很容易撞上樹木並翻覆。屍體在河床泥土中迅速分解，以至於面部特徵、衣物以及任何可能有助於識別身份的文件都會迅速被破壞。
集裝箱中的二十具屍體是在夏季熱浪期間吞噬這部分希臘的野火中死亡的移民的燒焦遺體。識別工作極其困難，到目前為止只有四具遺體被確認身份。
負責該地區的法醫病理學家帕夫洛斯·帕夫利迪斯教授致力於確定死亡原因，收集DNA樣本，並記錄可能有助於親屬日後識別愛人的個人物品。
The temporary container morgues in Alexandroupolis were donated by the ICRC. The humanitarian agency has given another container to the island of Lesbos, another migration hotspot, for the same purpose.
Lampedusa does not have that luxury. “There are no morgues and no refrigerated units,” said Salvatore Vella, the Sicilian head prosecutor who leads investigations into shipwrecks off its coast.
“Once placed in body bags, the bodies of migrants are transferred to Sicily.
Burial is managed by individual towns. It has happened that migrants have sometimes been buried in sort of mass graves within cemeteries.” The scale of the problem was becoming so acute, said Filippo Furri, an anthropologist and an associate researcher at Mecmi, a group that examines deaths during migration, that “there have been cases of coffins abandoned in cemetery warehouses due to lack of space, or bodies that remain in hospital morgues”.
亞歷山卓波利斯的臨時集裝箱停屍間是由國際紅十字會（ICRC）捐贈的。這個人道主義機構還向另一個移民熱點——萊斯沃斯島捐贈了另一個集裝箱，用於同樣的目的。
蘭佩杜薩島沒有這樣的設施。“沒有停屍間，也沒有冷藏設備，”西西里首席檢察官薩爾瓦托雷·維拉說，他負責調查其海岸附近的船難。“一旦被放入屍袋，移民的屍體就被轉移到西西里。
埋葬由各個城鎮管理。有時候，移民被埋葬在公墓內的某種大規模墓地中。”
人類學家兼Mecmi研究小組副研究員菲利波·富里表示，問題的規模變得如此嚴重，“以至於有棺材因為沒有空間而被遺棄在公墓倉庫，或者屍體仍然留在醫院的停屍間。” Mecmi是一個研究移民途中死亡的組織。
Warehouse (賣場大的倉庫
storage room(小型居家的倉庫
IN Italy significant efforts have been made to identify the dead from a couple of well-reported, large-scale disasters.
Cristina Cattaneo, the head of the laboratory of forensic anthropology and odontology (Labanof) at the University of Milan, has spent years working to identify the dead from a shipwreck in 2015 in which more than 1,000 people lost their lives.
Raising the wreck to retrieve the bodies has cost €9.5m (£8.1m) already. Organising the 30,000 mixed bones into identifiable remains of 528 bodies has been a herculean task.
Only six victims have so far been issued official death certificates.
As political positions on irregular migration have hardened, experts are finding official enthusiasm for their complex work has diminished.
“It’s not only a technical difficulty but also a political one,” Cattaneo said.
In Sicily, Vella has been investigating a fishing boat that sank in October 2019. It was carrying 49 people, mostly from Tunisia. Just a few miles off shore, a group onboard filmed themselves celebrating their imminent arrival in Europe before the boat ran out of fuel and capsized. The Italian coastguard rescued 22 people but 27 others lost their lives.
Herculean a Herculean effort
極大的努力 形容词源自希腊神话中的英雄赫拉克勒斯（Hercules）
在意大利，為了識別幾起廣為報導的大型災難中的死者，已經做出了重大努力。
米蘭大學法醫人類學和牙科學實驗室（Labanof）的負責人克里斯蒂娜·卡塔內奧花了多年時間致力於識別2015年一起船難中的死者，該事故造成1000多人喪生。
將船體打撈上來以取回屍體的費用已經花費了950萬歐元（810萬英鎊）。
將30,000塊混雜的骨骼組織成528具可識別的遺體是一項艱鉅的任務。到目前為止，只有六名受害者被正式發放了死亡證明。
隨著對非正規移民的政治立場變得強硬，專家們發現官方對他們複雜工作的熱情減少了。“這不僅是一個技術上的困難，也是一個政治問題，”卡塔內奧說。
在西西里，維拉一直在調查2019年10月沉沒的一艘漁船。船上載有49人，大多來自突尼斯。離岸僅幾英里時，船上的一群人拍攝了他們慶祝即將抵達歐洲的視頻，之後船隻耗盡燃料並翻覆了。意大利海岸警衛隊救出了22人，但另外27人喪生。
Coastguard divers, using robots, captured images of bodies floating near the vessel, but were unable to recover all of them.
The footage circulated around the world. A group of Tunisian women who had been searching for their sons contacted the Italian authorities and were given permits to travel to meet the prosecutor, who showed them more footage. One mother, Zakia Hamidi, recognised her 18-year-old son, Fheker.
It was a searing experience for both her and Vella:
“At that moment, I realised the difference between a mother, torn apart by grief, but who at least will return home with her child’s body, and those mothers who will not have a body to mourn. It is something heartbreaking.”
prosecutor檢察官
tear apart 被撕裂或分開 torn是過去式
Searing =extreme.（感覺、溫度等）極度的，強烈的
A searing pain shot up her arm.她的手臂忽覺一陣火辣刺痛。
海岸警衛隊潛水員使用機器人拍攝了船附近漂浮的屍體的影像，但無法將它們全部打撈上來。這段錄像在全世界傳播。一群突尼斯婦女一直在尋找她們的兒子，她們聯繫了意大利當局並獲得了前往會見檢察官的許可，檢察官向她們展示了更多的錄像。
一位母親，扎基亞·哈米迪，認出了她18歲的兒子費克爾。對她和維拉來說，這是一次撕心裂肺的經歷：“在那一刻，我意識到了一位心碎的母親，至少能帶著孩子的遺體回家，與那些沒有遺體可以悼念的母親之間的差異。這是一件令人心碎的事情。”
The torture of not knowing
The grief that people feel when they have no certainty about the fate of their missing relatives has a very particular intensity.
Dr Pauline Boss, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Minnesota in the US, was the first to describe this “ambiguous loss”. “You are stuck, immobilised, you feel guilty if you begin again because that would mean accepting the person is dead.
Grieving is frozen, your decision-making is frozen, you can’t work out the facts, can’t answer the questions,” she said.
Not knowing often has severe practical consequences too. Spouses may not be able to exercise their parental rights, inherit assets or claim welfare support or pensions without a death certificate. Orphans cannot be adopted by extended family without one either.
“grief” 對於重大損失的情感反應
Emeritus 一位退休的教授可能被稱為 “Professor Emeritus”。這個詞表示該人在其職業生涯中取得了顯著成就，並且即使退休後仍受到尊敬和認可
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不知所措的折磨
當人們對失踪親人的命運沒有確定性時 所感受到的悲痛具有非常特殊的強度。
美國明尼蘇達大學心理學名譽教授保琳·博斯博士是首位描述這種“模糊失落”的學者。
“你被困住了，無法移動，如果你開始重新生活，你會感到內疚，因為那意味著接受那個人已經死亡。悲傷被凍結了，你的決策能力被凍結了，你無法弄清楚事實，無法回答問題，”她說。
不知道往往也會帶來嚴重的實際後果。沒有死亡證明，配偶可能無法行使其親權、繼承資產或申請福利支援或養老金。沒有死亡證明，孤兒也無法被遠親家庭收養。
Sometimes the relatives are left in the dark for years.
A decade on from a shipwreck disaster in 2013, bereaved families continue to gather in Lampedusa every year, still searching for answers.
Among them this year was a Syrian woman, Sabah al-Joury, whose son Abdulqader was on the boat. She said that not knowing where he ended up was like having “an open wound”. Sabah’s family said the torture of not being able to find out what happened to him was “like dying everyday”.
Abdallah thinks he must make another trip from Paris to southern Spain before the end of the year. “What is difficult is not to have the body, not to be able to bury him,” he said.
Rituals around death were indicative of a deep human need, said Boss.
“The most important thing is for the name to be marked somewhere, so the family can visit, and the missing can be remembered. A name means you were on this Earth, not forgotten.”
有時候，親屬多年來一直被蒙在鼓裡。從2013年一起船難災難過去十年後，悲痛的家庭們仍然每年聚集在蘭佩杜薩，依然在尋找答案。
今年其中一位是來自敘利亞的女士，薩巴·阿勒-乔里，她的兒子阿卜杜卡德爾當時在船上。她說，不知道他最終去了哪裡，就像有一個“未癒合的傷口”。
薩巴的家人說，無法找出他發生了什麼事的折磨“就像每天都在死去”。阿卜杜拉認為他必須在年底前再從巴黎去西班牙南部一次。“困難的是沒有遺體，不能埋葬他，”他說。
博斯博士表示，圍繞死亡的儀式反映了人類深層的需求。“最重要的是讓名字被標記在某處，這樣家庭就可以來訪，失踪者就可以被記住。有個名字意味著你曾經存在於這個世界上，不會被遺忘。”
不知道往往也會帶來嚴重的實際後果。沒有死亡證明，配偶可能無法行使其親權、繼承資產或申請福利支援或養老金。沒有死亡證明，孤兒也無法被遠親家庭收養。